Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis, or Weil's diseases, is an acute fever caused by a spiral bacteria, Leptospira (Spirocheae), communicated from animals to humans, commonly through skin contact with rat infested water or sewage. If often takes a fatal form characterized by jaundice and bleeding. Leptospira may also cause Meningitis. The treatment for human infect of this bacteria is by penicillin.

That is the definition of leptospirosis only, the real human that is infected by this bacteria can cause many trouble on body organization. This bacteria come from rat urine which infected by this bacteria. The rat itself get this diseases from the mite which is stay on the rat. After secrete together with urine this bacteria just can live for few minute on a dry place. But if these bacteria can stay in water can live for longer time, about 10 days.

In Jakarta these diseases ever spread after flood disaster, may many of the rats also become a victim and many of rats have leptospirosis. Diseases happened after the flood finished and people clean the dirt after flooding. If there is no wound in the human body, this bacteria won't infected, the problem is Indonesian people often clean dirty place without protective equipment, such as booth shoe or rubber shoe and other equipment. When their food or hand becomes wound then they are infected by these bacteria.

This diseases symptom is similar with
Diabetes Mellitus is doe to an inability of the Pancreas to secrete sufficient Insulin to maintain a normal blood-glucose concentration. Secondary diabetes results from damage to or removal of the pancreas. Primary diabetes, the most common type is probably caused by both environmental and genetic factors.

The insulin dependent from of primary diabetes generally has its onset on childhood and characteristic by severe insulin deficiency. Without insulin, diabetic will develop ketoacidosis (high level of ketone bodies in blood, causing low blood pH and possible hearth failure) and coma (caused by high level of blood glucose).

The non-insulin dependent form usually occur in obese people of age 40 or older. They have higher than normal level of insulin, although the insulin is less effective in lowering blood glucose than in diabetics and they are rarely develop ketoacidosis. This pattern is also seen in population that have recently adopted Western process-food
Diagnosis and Treatment
A variety of methods may be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. In the glucose tolerance test, for example, abnormal glucose metabolism is identified by having a patient who has fasted for 1.8 to 24 hours drink a concentrated solution o glucose; glucose concentration is then measured in blood and urine samples taken 1/2 , 1, 2, and 3 hours after ingestion. The most reliable diagnostic methods detect a blood glucose concentration greater than 140 milligrams per deciliter (normal is 70-1900 mg/dl) after an overnight fast. Also, the presence of 64 K antibody has proved a good predictor of insulin dependent diabetes.

After the isolation of insulin by Frederick G. Banting and Charles Best in 1921, death from ketoacidosis and diabetic coma decreased dramatically. The prolonged life span revealed long-term complications, however, including kidney failure, atheroscierotic heart diseases, blindness, and disorders of the nervous system. These complications are believed to be related to elevated blood-glucose concentrations. The objective of diabetes treatment, therefore, is to restore blood glucose to normal. In obese non-insulin-dependent diabetics the treatment of choice is weigh loss. If this method does not suffice, then oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin is required. Oral hypoglycemic agent act primarily by stimulating the patient’s pancreas to secrete additional insulin.

Insulin-dependent diabetics traditionally have been treated with one or two daily injections of slowly absorbable insulin. This made of insulin therapy; however, result in poor control of the blood glucose. The mimic the closely linked changes in blood glucose and insulin concentrations that occurs in healthy non-diabetics, new techniques for insulin is either injected with a syringe or infused using a small pump under the skin prior to each meal. Low insulin concentrations are maintained between meals by injecting a long-acting insulin preparation or by infusing insulin continuously. New forms of therapy, such as islet or pancreas transplantation, are aimed at normalizing glucose levels.