White Blood Cells

There are three types; granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Platelets
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are tiny bits of cytoplasm, much smaller than the red blood cells but lacking a nucleus. They are round or biconcave disks and are normally about 30 to 40 times more numerous than the white blood cells. They are produced as broken fragments of the megakaryocytes. The plateletss' primary function is in the clotting process described below.

Plasma
Plasma is a complex, colorless solution, about 90 percent water, that carries different ions and molecules, including protein, enzymes, hormones, nutrients, waste materials such as urea, and fibrinogen, the protein that aids in clotting. The most abundant plasma protein is albumin, which normally keeps a large portion of the body water in the blood. When the plasma albumin concentration becomes dangerously low, because of disease, free water collects in the tissues outside the blood vessels, producing swelling called edema.

Globulin are large protein molecules of many chemical structures and functions. The
An important function of plasma is to transport nutrients to the tissue. Glucose, absorb from the bowels, constitutes a major source of
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are tiny, round, biconcave disks averaging7.5 microns (0.003 in) in diameter. A normal 76.5 kg (170-lb) main has about 5 l (5.3 qt) of blood, containing more than 25 trillion red cells. Because the normal life span of red cells is only about 120 days, more than 200 billion cells are normally destroyed each day by the spleen and must be replaced. Red cells are made in the bone marrow.

The main function of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissue. Oxidations of various food substances to supply most of the energy requirements of the body results in carbon dioxide, one of the chief waste products, and red blood cells carry it to the lungs for release and to pick up more oxygen.

The substance in the red blood cells that is largely responsible for their ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide is hemoglobin, the material that gives the cells their red color. Produced in the bone marrow and broken down in the spleen, it is a protein complex comprising many linked amino acids, and occupies almost the entire volume of a red blood cell. Essential to its structure and function is iron.

Blood Typing
The cell wall contains many antigenic proteins, which determine the blood type. Among these proteins are the antigens. A and B, the major blood group factors. Blood with antigen B is group B. Blood with both antigens is called AB, and blood with neither is called group O. Normally, the plasma of every person contains an antibody against the A or B antigens in the red cells are determined by mixing the cells with known typing serums. The antibodies in the serum or plasma are determined by mixing it with cells of known A or B type. Such typing is necessary in preparation for blood transfusion. Antigens of the various Rh and Hr types, M and N, S and Kell, Duffy, and many others also exist in the red blood cell. All like the A and B antigens, are inherited. When the red cell antigens are determined, they show so many different combinations as to make a persons blood type almost as individual as a fingerprint.

Antibodies against antigens other than A and B do not normally occurs in the plasma. They may appear after transfusion, however, and may cause transfusion reactions and destruction of red blood cells or hemolytic disease of the
Lesions
The appearance of abnormal changes, or lesions, in the skin is an important element in diagnosis and treatment. Various lesions can occur, not all of them diseases related. A flat lesion of a color differing from surrounding skin is called a Freckle. A papule is a solid, elevated by superficial mass, such as a raised Mole or a Wart. A wheal is a The appearance of such lesions may be modified by secondary changes. These include scales or flakes of dead skin, as seen in Psoriasis and Dandruff; crusts, typically dried masses of material that have oozed out as in impetigo; fissures, or sharp breaks, as seen in athlete's foot; Ulcers, or destruction of one or more skin layers, exposing underlying tissue replacing lost tissue; and lichenification, a thickened scaly area in which normal skin creases and lines are exaggerated. Lesions may be seen in several different lesions.

Malignant Tumors
Any metastasizing tumor from else where in the body may appear in the skin. Many malignant tumors also originate in the skin. Four should be mentioned. Basal cell carcinoma may originate from basal cells of the epidermis. It almost never metastasizes, and it is easily cured. Squamous cell carcinoma does metastasize. Both tumors are common, especially in the elderly and in those overexposed to the Sun. Malignant melanoma derives from the same embryonic nervous tissue that produces moles. Finally, the once rare tumor called Kaposi's sarcoma has become more frequent because of

Thyroid hormone secretion is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin, from the anterior pituitary. In turn the resultant increase in the level of thyroid hormones in the blood serves to signal the pituitary to stop releasing the thyrotropin. This haemostatic mechanism keeps the level of thyroid hormones in the circulatory system within a constant range. A lack of thyroid function in infants causes cretinism, whereas a loss or low levels of the thyroid hormones later in life result in hypothyroidism, or myxedema and possibly Goiter. Over production of the hormones, or hyperthyroidism, also may result in goiter.

Thyroid Function Test

A thyroid function test measures the efficiency of thyroxine and triiodothyronine production by the

The main function of thymus is to process l
The tapeworm head (scolex) has hooks or suckers used to attack the parasite to the host’s intestinal lining. The “body” is composed of segments (proglottids) which are separate, sexually functional individuals that can synchronize their muscular activity to keep the colony mobile.

An addult pork tapeworm lives in the intestines of humans, folding itself in accordion style to fit its long body into small spaces. A pork tapeworm, which grows up to 10 m (33 ft) long, can live in the small intestine, which is 6 m (20 ft) long. Humans get tapeworms by eating poorly cooked pork that is infested with tapeworm eggs.

Younger proglottids have testes; are the worm get older, the testes shrivel up and are replaced by ovaries and a uterus. Proglottids having male sex organs release sperm that travel to the older proglottids and fertilize the eggs.

Proglottids that contain developing embryos break away and are excreted with feces. Larvae develop and, if the waste matter is eaten by an animal, become dormant and encrysted in the
Most headaches are caused not by organic disease but by fatigue, emotional disorders, or
Brain tissue itself is insensitive to pain, as is the bony covering of the brain (the cranium). Headache pain results from the stimulation of such pain-sensitive structures as the membranous linings of the brain (the meninges) and the nerves of the cranium and upper neck. This stimulation can be produced by inflammation, by the dilation of blood vessels of the head, or by muscle spasms in the neck and head. Headache brought on by muscle spasms are classified as tension headaches; those caused by the dilation of blood vessel are called vascular headaches. The major groupings of headaches besides those brought on by organic disorders are Tension Headaches and Vascular Headaches.

Almost 90% of all persons seeking medical help for headaches suffer from tension headaches. These are characterized by a diffuse ache that either spreads over the entire head of feels a tight headband.

The most common types of vascular headache are migraine and cluster headaches, for which no known cure exist. About 60% of all migraine sufferers are women, and most patients first develop symptoms between the ages of 10 and 30. In approximately 30% of all cases, migraine attacks are preceded by warning signs such as blind spots, zigzag flashing lights, numbness in parts of the body, and distorted visual images.

Migraine pain almost always occurs on only one side and is usually accompanied by nausea. Factors that may trigger migraine attacks

Hepatitis A formerly infectious hepatitis, is the most common cause of acute hepatitis. Usually transmitted by food and water contaminated by human waste, epidemics can develop in regions with poor sanitary systems. Hepatitis B spreads mainly by The Process of ovum fission could be overcome before the ovum being

This happening also just happen on the story below:

A The baby, Lali, apparently has an extremely rare condition known as craniofacial duplication, where a single head has two faces. Except for her ears, all of Lali's facial features are duplicated -- she has two noses, two pairs of lips and two pairs of eyes.
"My daughter is fine -- like any other child," said Vinod Singh, 23, a poor farm worker